The double

As context:

• Man's structural make-up consists of Man's bodily principles, whereby the four lower ones have been developed in the previous and current planetary stages of evolution, and the current Earth stage focuses on the development and integration of the fourth principle: the Human 'I'. However Man also has a scaffold structure of the higher bodily principles, Man's higher triad, even if he certainly has not taken 'ownership' of them to the full in terms of conscious development - so they are in a way latent.
• There is a relationship between Man's bodily principles, and the Spectrum of elements and ethers that runs along the planetary stages of evolution, see Overview of solar system evolution. So Man's current bodily make-up on Earth consists mainly of the Four elements, but here also the formative forces and ethers are at work, the higher triad consists of the higher ethers (and the infuences of spiritual beings, as long as Man has not taken full ownership in the process of individuation). Man uses his pivotal 'I' for the conscious process of transmuting the lower bodies to the higher bodily principles, see Man's transformation and spiritualization.

.

With 'the double', or also in English 'doppelganger' (as a loanword from the German 'Doppelgänger') - "which Man carries within himself" - is referenced this etheric structure of Man, which - because Man has not taken conscious ownership of these latent bodily principles - offers space for other spiritual entities to sneak it and 'own the space'; whereby this 'double' can influence us greatly, and even - so to speak - start leading a life of its own. This double which is part of Man is the origin of physical and nervous illnesses in Man.

A simpler way to describe this is as follows: Schema FMC00.593 (below) depicts how the human being during incarnate life on Earth is the result of the process before birth, and the forces in the spirit world and astral world that pulled together and condense and result into incarnation as a sort of in-breathing (see also Golden Chain). Now as Rudolf Steiner points out, Man does not disconnect from these influences, but "the influences proceeding from the powers that work from these directions were not active only when the human form first came into being, they continue right through time and are active still [during life]" (SWCC from 1912-06-11-GA137, see also Astrology#1912-06-11-GA137).

See also the short text by Daskalos below for further introduction.

Aspects

• cause of illness by the human double (1917-11-16-GA178), and the need for geographical medicine
  • organic physical illnesses that emerge spontaneously from within are all created by the ahrimanic double of Man
  • nervous illnesses (neurasthenic, neurotic) are caused by the luciferic double of Man
• Ahrimanic beings sneak into Man before birth as Man to reside in Man's etheric body, as Man is unconscious (1917-11-18-GA178). This Ahrimanic double (oa 1914-11-20-GA158):
  • has its dominion entirely within the subconscious
  • it is highly intelligent, and endowed with a will closely related to the forces of nature.
  • presently disappears shortly before death, but has a strong impulse to conquer death and stay with Man after death
  • is extremely dependent upon the Earth as a whole organism, the various Earth-forces work with particular strength into the racial and geographical varieties of mankind.
• the Earth geography is characterized by different etheric forces streaming forth, and the double is related to these forces that stream up out of the earth (1917-11-16-GA178, see also FMC00.347 on Earth)
  • they directly affect human beings and can cause diseases as well as influence human thinking. Especially America is an area where those magnetic forces are rising up that bring the human being into relationship with his double.
  • America was 'forgotten' and 're-discovered' in relationship to the important influence of the double and the magnetism arising from America. This is an example of history as we know it as a 'fable convenu', see History
• Man consciously works his etheric double and higher triad as part of the process of Initiation, e.g. by working the elemental balance of the mental body in the higher steps of Bardon's IIH.
• the effect of mineral substances as used in contemporary materialistic medicine and focusing in the mineral physical body only: the mineral substance becomes diffused and acquired the human form, a phantom or physical double consisting of the substance taken in. This prevents the physical body to obey the influences of the astral and etheric bodies, artificially disconnecting it, whereby the physical body becomes an hardened independent being subject to its own laws. (see extract 1908-12-08-GA107 on Medicine)
• Goethe (with a loosened etheric body) met his double: "he actually saw the other Goethe — the etheric Goethe who lived within him .. he saw himself as a spectre coming towards him". See 1916-11-05-GA172 on Goethe
• relationships to
  • the 'shadow' in psychology
  • the 'guardian of the threshold' in initiation
• the doppelganger appears in literature and art for centuries. See wikipedia page or Mary D. Edwards under 'Further reading' below, with a.o. references to Goethe, Lord Byron, Dostoyevsky's novel 'The double'. Note that in art however the term takes on different meanings, from the concept of the metaphysical world view's dual reality to particular ideas of double personalities contained in the concepts of the shadow, half-death, the mask, and hermaphroditism.

Illustrations

Schema FMC00.644: shows an alchemical view on the human being, illustrating various aspects related to Man and the Christ Impulse.

It is drawn against the background of Schema FMC00.556 with the Tetractys symbol and Rudolf Steiner's explanation of alchemy.

Below is 'tetrapolar' Man made up of the four elements of nature with the physical-mineral constitution of the four components of the physical body: blood (mineral substance with I living in the inner warmth), nervous system (astral), glandular system (etheric), and the bony system of the human skeleton (mineral, element earth) - see also Schema FMC00.415A. In purple is represented the spiritual wave (as per Schema FMC00.582, and explained on the Golden Chain). Bones are a symbol of expression of physical death, because this is where the spiritual energy wave runs dry (see also Schema FMC00.543 and Schema FMC00.543A). On the other hand, in blood the warmth is the carrier of all higher ethers - see also the 'mystery of silver' (o.a. Schema FMC00.285).

Above is the etheric double made up of the formative forces corresponding to the higher ethers, that hold together what is below - see also force substance representation and spectrum of elements and ethers.

Furthermore the Schema is also used to show other aspects:

• The vertical dotted line separates the plant and mineral kingdoms that Man will have to redeem, and the symbols of wine and bread used in the ancient Mysteries and the Last Supper in the monstrance as symbol of transubstantiation. The vertical dotted line also divides between Man's physical and etheric bodies (right) and Human I and astral body (left), both closely coupled and separating at the dotted line during sleep.
• Regarding the Christ Impulse:
  • With the separation of Sun (and separation of Moon), the two highest ethers separated from Man and Earth, as explained in the lectures on the topic page Christ Module 11 - A new physics. With the Mystery of Golgotha, Christ merged with the Earth humanity and brought back these life-bringing forces for the spiritualization of humanity, represented in green on the Schema.
  • Rudolf Steiner explains that, when Christ entered the body of Jesus of Nazareth, "a stupendous force shot through the entire body of Jesus of Nazareth and into the very bones" and the bones of Jesus changed through the penetration of this Christ force crumbling and assembling them again. For more info, see Baptism#Note 2 - No bone of Him shall be broken.

• human thinking is a process that takes place between the blood and nerves, and thoughts in the human being are what lightning and thunder are in the macrocosm (1909-04-10-GA109) .. which helps to understand why Rudolf Steiner coined the ('re-wiring') activity by the First Hierarchy in Man's nerve-sense organization with the term 'cosmic storm' (description in 1924-07-28-GA237 - see Transition between 4th and 14th century)
• the lemniscate above represents to the balanced subsystems in the Threefold human being and the two blood circuits.

Schema FMC00.424 is the famous blackboard diagram (BBD) by Rudolf Steiner during the lecture on 'The invisible human being in us'. It is famous because the lecture is regarded as the prime reference lecture for the study of the double, the etheric double of Man's bodily structure .. which it is not (as there are other lectures that provide better coverage, see Threefold working in Man). The diagram is not easy to read, hence the illustrations have been added from two original typoscripts for the lecture (left), as well as a notebook entry (right).

Schema FMC00.593: illustrates how the human being sheds off his lower bodies after death, and gives off the cosmos the fruits of the Earth. As a result of the incarnate life on Earth, Man contributes the seeds for future worlds, that are taken up and carried by the higher hierarchies. Thoughts and feelings create fields of activity for the Third Hierarchy (H3) and Second Hierarchy (H2).

The process of death like an exhaling out into the cosmos. A new birth is like an inhaling, bringing down the spirit germ into the physical body carried by the stream of heredity (see Schema FMC00.321 and Schema FMC00.331 and on Embryo in the womb).

During incarnated life on Earth, the forces from the higher worlds keep working in the human being - see also the double and the explanation in 1912-06-11-GA137 on Astrology#Inspirational quotes.

FMC00.292 provides some illustrations of the double in artwork.

Schema FMC00.056 positions Man's higher triad in the structure of Man as a Microcosmos with the different bodily principles, see:

Schema FMC00.132: shows how Man, after death, grows into connection through his own Individuality and 'guiding' angel, with the angel and archangel organism. See also variant Schema FMC00.132A.

Along with Schema FMC00.661 it helps one to feel-and-imagine how Man as a microcosm is interwoven and connected through the hierarchies above the human being.

Man is connected with the Third Hierarchy H3, see the Three meetings (and Schema FMC00.023A that extends the below) as H3 live in Man's 'I' soul activity during incarnation and are working Man's higher triad, see Man and the spiritual hierarchies. See also: What takes place as we sleep

This schema also allows one to feel the luciferic and ahrimanic influences, as Man is also under the influence of these spiritual beings on top of these 'regular' H3 beings angels and archangels. See also Schema FMC00.238

See also the link of how archangelic influences work through important Individualities, see Impulses from waves of reincarnating souls#Impulses through important Individualities.

Lecture coverage and references

Overview coverage

Note Rudolf Steiner uses the term 'double' and describes characteristics in lectures, but never explicitly introduced the double as a topic in itself. Therefore an introduction can be taken from

• Powell's 1925 book (see PDF in reference section below) where he gathered the theosophical source material from Blavatsky.
• Daskalos' introduction (see section below)

Source extracts

Bible: 1 Corinthians 6:19, 20

What? Know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God, and ye are not your own?

For ye are bought with a price: therefore glorify God in your body, and in your spirit, which are Gods.

1904-10-10-GA090A

(see p335 in DE edition 2018)

1910-GA013

In OES, in 'Cognition of the higher worlds', sections 8 and 9, already introduce the Doppelganger in the context of the guardian of the threshold (only partial extracts here)

Man develops his I, his self-consciousness in the everyday physical-sensory world. This I now acts as a center of attraction for everything belonging to man. All his inclinations, sympathies, antipathies, passions, and opinions group themselves, as it were, around his I, and this I is also the point of attraction for what may be designated as the karma of Man. If this I were to be seen unconcealed it would show that certain forms of destiny must still be encountered by it in this and in subsequent incarnations, according to the way it has lived in the preceding incarnations and has made this or that its own. Invested with all this, the I must appear as the first image before the human soul when the latter ascends into the world of soul and spirit. This Doppelganger (double or twin likeness) of Man must, according to a law of the spiritual world, emerge prior to everything else as his first impression in that world.

...

If through correct training Man strives to acquire these organs of perception, what he himself is appears to him as first impression. He perceives his Doppelganger, his double. This self-perception is not at all to be separated from the perception of the rest of the world of soul and spirit. In everyday life of the physical-sensory world, the feeling characterized acts so as constantly to close the door of the world of soul and spirit to the human being. Even the mere attempt to penetrate into this world causes the feeling of shame — which arises immediately, but of which we do not become conscious — to conceal the part of the world of soul and spirit that strives to appear. The exercises characterized open the door to this world. It is a fact, however, that this concealed feeling acts like a great benefactor of Man. For all that Man acquires of power of judgment, feeling-life, and character without spiritual-scientific training does not enable him to bear without further preparation the perception of his own being in its true form. He would lose through this perception all self-esteem, self-confidence, and self-consciousness. That this may not happen, we must take the necessary precautions which we do undertake, alongside the exercises for higher knowledge, in the fostering of a healthy power of judgment, feeling-life, and character. Through this regular training Man learns to know so much of spiritual science — as though without intention — and, moreover, so many means for the attainment of self-knowledge and self-observation become clear to him as are necessary in order to encounter his Doppelganger bravely. The student then only sees in another form, as a picture of the imaginative world, what he has already learned in the physical world. If he has first comprehended the law of karma properly in the physical world through his intellect, he will not be especially shaken when he now sees the beginnings of his destiny engraved in the image of his Doppelganger. If Man has made himself acquainted through his power of judgment with the evolution of the cosmos and mankind and knows how, at a certain point of time of this evolution, the forces of Lucifer have penetrated into the human soul, he will bear it without difficulty when he becomes aware that the Luciferic beings with all their effects are contained within the image of his own nature. — We see from this how necessary it is that man does not demand entrance into the spiritual world before he has understood, through his ordinary power of judgment developed in the physical-sensory world, certain truths about the spiritual world. The knowledge given in this book prior to the discussion about “Cognition of the Higher Worlds” should have been acquired by the student of spiritual science by means of his ordinary power of thought in the regular course of development, before he has the desire himself to enter into supersensible worlds.

In a training in which no attention is paid to the certainty and firmness of the power of judgment, of the life of feeling and character, it may happen that the student encounters the higher world before he possesses the necessary inner faculties. In that case the encounter with his Doppelganger would depress him and lead to error. If, however, the encounter were entirely avoided — something that might indeed be possible — and man nevertheless were led into the supersensible world, he would then be just as little in the position to recognize that world in its true shape. For it would be quite impossible for him to distinguish between what he carries over as projections of himself into things and what they are in reality. This distinction is only possible if one perceives one's own being as an image in itself, and if, as a result of this distinction, everything that flows from one's own inner nature becomes detached from the environment.

For Man's life in the physical-sensory world, the Doppelganger's effect is such that he becomes immediately invisible through the feeling of shame characterized when Man approaches the world of soul and spirit. As a result of this, he conceals the entire latter world also. Like a “guardian” he stands there before that world, in order to deny entrance to those who are not truly capable of entering. He may therefore be called the “guardian of the threshold that lies before the world of soul and spirit.” — Besides the described encounter with the guardian at the entrance into the supersensible world, man also encounters him when passing through physical death, and in the course of life between death and a new birth the guardian discloses himself by degrees in the evolution of soul and spirit.

...

[Section 9]

After the student of the spiritual has encountered the “guardian of the threshold,” further experiences await him as he ascends into supersensible worlds. First he will notice that an inner relationship exists between this “guardian of the threshold” and the soul-power that, in the above description, has resulted as the seventh, and has shaped itself into an independent principle. Indeed, this seventh principle is in a certain regard nothing else but the Doppelganger, the “guardian of the threshold” himself, and this principle sets the student of the spiritual a special task. He has to direct and lead with his newborn self what he is in his ordinary self and which appears to him in an image. A sort of battle against the Doppelganger will result. The latter will constantly strive for supremacy. To establish the right relationship to this Doppelganger and not permit him to do anything that is not under the influence of the newborn I strengthens and fortifies Man's powers.

In the higher world, self-knowledge is different, in a certain respect, from self-knowledge in the physical-sensory world. Whereas in the physical-sensory world self-knowledge appears only as an inner experience, the newborn self presents itself at once as an outer soul phenomenon. Man beholds his newborn self as another being standing before him, but he cannot perceive it completely. For whatever stage he may have reached upon the way into the supersensible worlds, there are always still higher stages. At these stages he will perceive ever more and more of his “higher self.” This “higher self” can thus only partially reveal itself to the student of the spiritual at any of these stages. The temptation is extremely great which overtakes the human being when he first becomes aware of some aspect of his “higher self,” to observe this “higher self,” so to speak, from the standpoint he has gained in the physical-sensory world. This temptation is even good and it must appear, if development is to proceed in the right way.

We must observe what appears in the Doppelganger, the “guardian of the threshold,” and place it before the “higher self” in order to note the contrast between what we are and what we are to become. Through this observation the “guardian of the threshold” begins to take on quite a different form. He presents himself as an image of all the hindrances that the development of the higher self must encounter. The student will perceive what a load he must drag in the form of his ordinary self, and if he is not strong enough through his preparations to say, “I will not remain stationary here, but unceasingly strive to reach my higher self,” he will slacken his efforts and shrink back before what is in store for him. He has plunged into the world of soul and spirit, but now gives up his efforts. He becomes a prisoner of the form that, through the “guardian of the threshold,” now stands before the soul. What is important here is the fact that in this experience he does not have the feeling of being a prisoner. On the contrary, he believes he experiences something quite different. The form that the “guardian of the threshold” calls forth can be of such a nature that it causes the impression in the soul of the observer of having before him, in the pictures that appear at this evolutionary stage, the entire compass of all imaginable worlds, of having attained the pinnacle of knowledge, with no need of striving further. Instead of feeling to be a prisoner he may feel himself as the immeasurably rich possessor of all the world mysteries. The fact that one can have such an experience that depicts the very opposite of the actual facts will, however, not astonish a person who keeps in mind the fact that, when he experiences this, he stands already in the world of soul and spirit and that it is a peculiarity of this world that events may present themselves in reverse order. This fact was pointed out earlier in this book when life after death was discussed.

The figure that one perceives at this stage of development shows the student of the spiritual something in addition to what appeared to him in the first instance as the “guardian of the threshold.” In this Doppelganger all the peculiarities were perceived that the ordinary self of man has in consequence of the influence of the forces of Lucifer.

1911-12-31-GA266

An unavoidable experience one has by faithfully doing the exercises is a splitting of the personality. A Man will begin to feel as if something was accompanying him, something that thinks and hears with him and even speaks with him if he’s inwardly weak. It’s a second I that emerges, a doppelganger that one has placed outside one.

The more seriously someone treads the esoteric path, the more of his old Man he places outside him, that is, he sheds one skin after another like a snake. These skins become like a second body, a doppelganger who never leaves one again for the rest of one’s life.

In the old Egyptian mysteries someone who had placed his double outside him was called a kha Man. The double is chained to the kha Man to constantly remind him what he was or still is. That’s not always a pleasant feeling. But the awareness that he always has his double with him will remind him of his defects and that he should improve himself.

He should constantly feel this presence, otherwise things would get dangerous, and because of his many, high ideals and intentions, he would forget what his inner life and defects are. Under certain circumstances it could even endanger a high initiate’s life if in spite of his high striving he would forget this double for even a moment.

...

The more the double appears the better it is for our development, for otherwise, we would be living under great delusions about ourself.

1914-11-20-GA158

see longer extract on Sphinx

Whereas the child in Greece was tormented by a flood of questions, the suffering awaiting the human being of our modern time is rather that of being in the grip of preconceptions and prejudices, of having as an incubus at his side a second “body” consisting of all these preconceived judgments and opinions.

What is it that is leading to this state of things?

Let us be quite candid about the trend of evolution. During the course of the Fifth Postatlantean age, so many problems have lost all inner, vital warmth. The countless questions which confront us when we study Spiritual Science with any depth, simply do not exist for the modern man with his materialistic outlook. The riddle of the Sphinx means nothing to him, whereas the man of ancient Greece was vitally aware of it. A different form of experience will come to the man of modern times. In his own opinion he knows everything so well; he observes the material world, uses his intellect to establish the interconnections between its phenomena and believes that all its riddles are solved in this way, never realizing that he is simply groping in a phantasmagoria. But this way of working coarsens and dries up his ether-body, with the ultimate result that the Mephistophelean powers, like a second nature, will attach themselves to him now and in times to come.

The Mephistophelean nature is strengthened by all the prejudices and limitations of materialism, and a future can already be perceived when everyone will be born with a second being by his side, a being who whispers to him of the foolishness of those who speak of the reality of the spiritual world. Man will, of course, disavow the riddle of Mephistopheles, just as he disavows that of the Sphinx; nevertheless he will chain a second being to his heels. Accompanied by this second being, he will feel the urge to think materialistic thoughts, to think, not through his own being, but through the second being who is his companion.

In an ether-body that has been parched by materialism, Mephistopheles will be able to dwell. Understanding what this implies, we shall realize that it is our duty to educate children in the future — be it by way of Eurythmy or the development of a spiritual-scientific outlook — in such a way that they will be competent to understand the spiritual world. The ether-body must be quickened in order that the human being may be able to take his rightful stand, fully cognizant of the nature of the being who stands at his side. If he does not understand the nature of this second being, he will be spellbound by him, fettered to him. Just as the Greek was obliged to get the better of the Sphinx, so will modern man have to outdo Mephistopheles — with his faunlike, satyrlike form, and his goat's or horse's feet.

1917-11-16-GA178

(SWCC), see also additionally the quote from this lecture on History that explains why America was forgotten and re-discovered in relationship to the important influence of the double and the magnetism arising from America

quote A

These beings have an extraordinarily high intelligence and a significantly developed will, but no warmth of heart at all, nothing of what we call human soul warmth (Gemüt).

It is an Ahrimanic intelligence, and very strong Ahrimanic will, that is much more akin to the nature-forces than our human will, which is regulated by the warmth of soul […].

In the nineteenth century, natural science discovered that the nervous system is permeated by electrical forces. Natural science is right. But when natural scientists believe that the nerve-force that belongs to us as the basis of our conceptual life has something to do with electrical streams that go through our nerves, then they are incorrect. For the electrical streams, which are the forces put into us by the being I have just mentioned and described, do not belong to our own being at all […], but they are of a purely Ahrimanic nature.

These beings […] once decided out of their own will that they did not want to live in that world in which they were destined to live by the wisdom-filled gods of the higher hierarchies. They wanted to conquer the earth, and to do this they need bodies; they do not have bodies of their own. They make use of as much of the human body as they can, because the human soul cannot entirely fill up the human body.

quote B

And here something is disclosed that in the future must really be followed up if the human race is not to experience endless hindrances, really endless horrors.

This [editor: ahrimanic] double about which I have spoken is nothing more or less than the creator of all physical illnesses that emerge spontaneously from within; and to know him fully is organic medicine, illnesses that appear spontaneously from within the human being come not through outer injuries, not from the human soul, they come from this being. He is the creator of all illnesses that emerge spontaneously from within; he is the creator of all organic illnesses.

And a brother of his, who is not composed Ahrimanically but Luciferically, is the creator of all neurasthenic and neurotic illnesses, all the illnesses that are not really illnesses but only nervous illnesses, hysterical illnesses as they are described.

Thus medicine must become spiritual in two directions.

The demand for this is shown by the intrusion of views such as those of psychoanalysis and the like, where one keeps house with spiritual entities, as it were, but with inadequate means of knowledge so that one can do nothing at all with the phenomena that will intrude more and more into human life.

...

As I have said, this double is really the creator of all illnesses that have an organic foundation that are not merely functional. In order to understand this fully, however, one must know a great deal more. One must know, for example, that our entire Earth is not the dead product that mineralogy or geology thinks it to be, but it is a living being. Geology knows as much of the earth as we would know about the human being if we knew only the skeletal system.

1917-11-18-GA178

(two versions (translations) on rsarchive)

.

from the first version

The strange thing is that this subconscious that we carry within us is taken hold of by another being under all circumstances. This means that we are not only a fusion of body, soul, and spirit, carrying within us through the world our soul, which is independent of our body; shortly before birth another being takes possession of the subconscious portions of the human being. This being is there, this subconscious being that accompanies man the entire way between birth and death.

longer extract from the second version:

Now the peculiar thing is that this subconscious within us is invariably taken possession of by another being. Hence we are not only a union of body, soul and spirit, carrying an independent soul in our body through the world, but shortly before birth another being takes possession of our subconscious parts. This subconscious being goes with us all the way from birth to death.

We can to some extent describe this being by saying that

• it is highly intelligent, and endowed with a will which is closely related to the forces of nature.
• I must emphasise a further peculiarity of this being — it would incur the gravest danger if under present conditions it were to accompany man through death. At present it cannot do so; therefore it disappears shortly before death in order to save itself; yet it retains the impulse to order human life in such a way that it would be able to conquer death for its own purposes. It would be terrible for human evolution if this being which has taken hold of man were able to overcome death and so, by dying with man, to pass over into the worlds which man enters after death. This being must always take leave of man before death, but in many cases this is very difficult for it to do, and all sorts of complications result.
• For the moment the important thing is that this being, which has its dominion entirely within the subconscious, is extremely dependent upon the Earth as a whole organism.

...

[after describing effects of earth geography]

• .. the earth is more than a skeleton: it is a living organism, and from its centre it sends out particular forces to every point and region on its surface. These outward-streaming forces belong to the Earth as a living organism, and they affect a Man differently according to where he lives on the earth. His soul is not directly influenced by these forces ..
• But through the other being, which seizes hold of man before birth and has to leave him before death, these various earth-forces work with particular strength into the racial and geographical varieties of mankind. So it is on this “double” (Doppelgänger), which man carries within himself, that geographical and other diversities exert special influence. This is extraordinarily important.

1923-02-11-GA221 - The invisible Man within us

is the famous lecture 'The invisible Man within us' (pathology underlying therapy)

1923-02-17-GA221

Moral Man carries an Ahrimanic etheric body in one's self

1982 - Werner Priever

from the book 'Illness and the Double' (1982 in EN, no date for the original in DE)

In numerous lectures and basic writings, above all in Outline of Esoteric Science and Knowledge of the Higher Worlds, Rudolf Steiner considered the problem of the double, and the many aspects of this phenomenon become evident depending on whether it is considered from the standpoint of evolution, from its connections with the members of mans being, or from the point of view of its origin.

To begin with, however, one can distinguish two fundamentally different doubles:

• an Ahrimanic double, which can be designated as the collective, universal human double, an individual being in itself, so to speak, and
• the other double, or doubles, which attends every human individuality with Luciferic or Ahrimanic influences and has an individual form determined by destiny.

The different doubles exercise their effects in different members of the human being. While the Ahrimanic double, characterized as generally human, unfolds its effects in the physical body of Man (and later in the etheric body), the doubles of the single human individualities are active in the other members of Man"s being: the etheric body, and above all the astral body and I in which the doubles have their origin.

Rudolf Steiner spoke in great detail about the universal human double in two lectures given on November 16 and November 18, 1917. In these lectures "The Secrets of the Double, Geographic Medicine" and "Individual Spiritual Being and the Undivided Foundation of the World", he challenged us to encounter the double cognitively. According to Rudolf Steiner, the Ahrimanic double, "a short time before we are born, takes hold of our body, of the subconscious part of our body", and uses man's physical body for its own existence.

It is distinguished by an exceptionally high intelligence and by a very strong will, "which is much closer to the forces of nature than our human will, which is regulated by human feeling ( Gemuet )". This double, who accompanies man "under the threshold of consciousness, must, according to a higher law, leave the human body before it succumbs to death. This is a consequence of the Mystery of Golgotha, for without the death and resurrection of Christ, the double would long ago have succeeded in remaining in the human physical body, in taking it over and thus becoming "master of human evolution on earth".

In these lectures, Rudolf Steiner pointed out that natural science in the nineteenth century discovered that the nervous system is permeated by electrical forces and that these electrical streams are sown by the Ahrimanic double into the human organism. The Ahrimanic beings are in close connection not only with these electrical forces but also with other forces that radiate from the various regions of the earth, such as magnetic and other earthly radiations, and they place the human being into these illness - producing influences of earthly existence. The double, this universal human, Ahrimanic double, thus becomes the originator of all physical, all organic processes of illness in man.

Werner Christian Simonis, in his article, "The Double of Man' [editor: 1973, see Further reading below], pointed to the sociological and cultural aspects of the effect of this double. In his article there is a very illuminating exegesis of the fairy tale "Rumpelstiltskin", a classical story about the double. He also pointed to a well - known phenomenon, to the moment when it becomes clear that the Ahrimanic double has departed from the physical body of a dying human being and has thus ceased to be effective. This is evident when the dying person suddenly appears transformed, curiously quiet, balanced, and harmonious, so that those around him hope for the beginning of recovery: shortly afterward, however, the ill person passes over the threshold.

... In a lecture given in Dornach on November 20, 1914, "Basic Experiences of the Fourth and Fifth Post - Atlantean Periods", Rudolf Steiner described this as being rooted ( the effects on the etheric body ) in the increasingly materialistic attitude of humanity, the disdain for everything spiritual, which will lead to the increasing densification, tightening, and rigidification of the human etheric body. Into such an etheric body, which approaches the physical body in consistency, the Ahrimanic being can enter and live as a companion, that is, as a double within man.

Man's materialistic attitude will thereby intensify to a compulsion to think materialistically and to consider as foolish even the thought of the existence of the spiritual world. Rudolf Steiner spoke of a split consciousness, which would be experienced in the sensation of having a second being next to oneself.

This sensation would would first arise in children and would increase so that this double being would be able to be perceived even in the voices of children. The children would also be in danger of having their deeds led by these forces, so that they would not be able to defend themselves against these compelling influences. Childhood experiences of this kind must be taken seriously by adults, since this development eventually will also include adults.

In this connection, Rudolf Steiner mentioned that a pedagogy for the future must take this development into account through a spiritually oriented attitude in education and through the application of eurythmy, through which the human etheric body will be revitalized, thus removing the double's soil of life.

From the physical - organic dispositions to illness created in the physical body by the Ahrimanic double, we move to the threat of an assault into the life regions of the etheric body and also into the soul regions manifesting in the experiences of split consciousness, fear and compulsion.

... Steiner describes events in the life after death, the disintegration or dissolution of the etheric and astral bodies, and how an extract from these bodies becomes a seed of a new astral body, after it has surrounded itself with undifferentiated astral matter. It can happen that, in the course of the new embodiment, the old astral body is not completely dissolved, and the newly incarnating human being encounters remnants of this old astral body. This is said to occur especially in the case of a human being who, for various reasons, presses to a rapid reincarnation, or in one who has done very little to transform his astral body in a prior earthly existence, so that his astral body is still strongly permeated with unpurified drives and passions.

Such an astral body has the tendency to dissolve very gradually, and these unpurified astral remnants have a strong attraction to the newly formed astral body. They combine with it, and the person thus drags these astral remnants with him through life. As these astral remnants do not, however, form a firm connection with the other members of man"s being, they can easily become independent and then appear as a double. They can trouble man in evil, fright - filled dreams and visions. They are the source for the nervousness of our time, and through continually confronting man with his past and his burdened karma in the form of this double, the disposition to a specific form of insanity can be created. People are hunted, so to speak, by their earlier karma in the shape of this double.

... Closest to Rudolf Steiner"s knowledge concerning the nature of the double is, without doubt, C.G. Jung. He did not speak of the double but of the shadow. He distinguished, as did Rudolf Steiner, two manifestations of the shadow, or two different forms of the shadow, one personal and one collective, a distinction that corresponds to Rudolf Steiner's differentiation between the individual and the universal human double. Jung said,

"The figure of the shadow personifies everything that the subject does not recognize or accept and that nevertheless repeatedly impresses itself on him directly or indirectly, for example, inadequate character properties and other unsatisfactory tendencies".

The shadow in Jung thus becomes similar to the double, in the shape of the "Lesser Guardian of the Threshold", as a structuring of the unconscious into a counterimage of the day - conscious lower I.

What Rudolf Steiner spoke of as fear, shame, and doubt leading to avoidance of the encounter with the double, Jung formulated as follows:

"No one is able to realize the shadow without a considerable expenditure of moral determination, because in this realization one is dealing with the recognition of the actual existence of the darker aspects of the personality. This act is the absolutely necessary foundation for any kind of self - knowledge and therefore encounters considerable resistance".

The goals of Jung and Steiner were also undoubtedly similar: Jung designated his as the process of individuation, and Rudolf Steiner described his as a path of training on the way to initiation. Jung saw the goal of analytic therapy as one of integrating the "conscious I" into the "self", which encompasses conscious and unconscious regions. The path of inner training given by Rudolf Steiner attempts to guide one from the "lower I" active in the day consciousness to the "true I", to the "other self", on the path to initiation.

Despite all obvious similarities between the views of Rudolf Steiner and C..G. Jung, it should not be overlooked that the form, nature, and significance of the double in Rudolf Steiner receive a more comprehensive dimension through the consideration of karma and reincarnation.

[the double in fairy tales and legends]

It is illuminating to investigate the appearance of the double in fairy tales and legends. We have already mentioned the occurrence of the double in fairy tales.

Especially interesting in relation to Rumpelstiltskin is how it becomes possible for the queen's daughter to be liberated from this being, who continually demands more and more gold from her and finally demands even her child, an expression of her I. The liberation is achieved by getting to know him and by calling his name, Rumpelstiltskin, a name that points to a being who has wooden legs, a hidden way of labeling the medieval representation of the devil, with his hooves of a goat or horse. These connections were pointed out by Simonis, in his article on the double, as we mentioned previously.

All over the world there are numerous legends whose content is the appearance of the double. In these legends or epics, the appearance of the double is interpreted as the sign of approaching death; the double is then perceived by the person whose death is announced therewith or is perceived by others to the person who is near death.

Of all motifs in the folk epics, there is one in particular that deserves attention: the relationship of the double's appearance with the imminent death of the person under consideration. Here we are reminded that, according to Rudolf Steiner, a higher law impels the Ahrimanic double to leave Man's physical body before his death.

A further interesting motif in the epics can be found in the double's assumption to an animal shape; the person experiences in dreams, for example, that this animal shape leaves his body and is able to have various experiences before it returns to that person's body.

Rudolf Steiner, in the seventh lecture of the "Curative Education Course", given July 2, 1924, described a boy who experienced a little spirit, Bebe - Assey, on the index finger of his right hand, with whom he conversed as if with a real being; at the same time, the boy had the peculiarly that he was able to transform himself in his imagination into various animals.

Rudolf Steiner explained the phenomenon of the little spirit as an astral remnant, which extended beyond the total astral body and was ensouled by an objective elementary being, which one can also consider a kind of double - like being. Rudolf Steiner explained the animal metamorphosis of the boy by indicating that the astral body is not completely integrated into the physical body and is capable of all kinds of transformations: animal - like shapes can therefore manifest themselves.

It is interesting from a psychopathological point of view that within legends coming from the Tungusians, told by the Shaman, the appearances of the double can be called forth willingly by certain people who, through ecstasy, place themselves into states of trance and then, with their secondary existences, take a journey outside of their bodies and have different kinds of image experiences in distant places.

Here we reminded of the trips and experiences of the double that occur under the influence of hallucinogens. Furthermore, we are reminded of manipulations that place persons into ecstasy or states of trance, such as monotonous singing, a constant, even rhythm of the drums, or rhythmic dances. This also calls to mind what Friedrich Husemann called the erroneous paths into the spiritual world, belonging to which are, for example, the upper stages of the autogenic training, described by J.H. Schultz, with the experience of the double in the form of a devil; or Yoga exercises with voluntary influence on breathing, transcendental meditation, etc.

[in literature]

This violent desire to penetrate into the spiritual world can have as its consequence a destructive recoil: Goethe's Faust experienced this in his encounter with the Earth Spirit, who also represents a kind of guardian. Faust, who, as an image of divinity, wishes to induce the appearance of this spirit being with his "you must, you must, even if it costs my life", is thrown to the ground by its appearance, for he is only like the spirit that he is able to comprehend, not this spirit being.

... Not every writer who made the double an object of his work experienced the double himself. Personal perceptions of the double are frequent, however, and in many cases have entered literature. From the biographies of many of these writers, we know that we are dealing with psychologically or psychotically disturbed personalities. The theme of the double in literature shows many modifications: two souks in the breast, the second I in the description of the shadow, portrait ( "Dorian Gray" ), or mirror image, and even the complete appearance of the double ( "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" ). The inner duality may not emerge in image form, as for example, in Theodor Storm's novel "Ein Doppelgaenger" ( "A Double" ), which describes the split of the moral and criminal nature in a single person.

... The psychoanalytic interpretation of the phenomenon of the double — the narcissistic infatuation with one's own image — has found its expression in literature in Oscar Wilde's well - known novel, "The Picture of Dorian Gray". In the person who is actually named Narcissus in the story, vanity, self - love, and self - admiration are united with egoism, incapacity to love, and fear of aging, behind which, in the last a analysis, the fear of death conceals itself. As occurs with so many other heroes persecuted by their double, Dorian Gray kills himself by destroying his mirror - image, full of disgust and hate. We thus encounter the paradox that he who is persecuted by the double seeks death freely in order to free himself from the insufferable encounter with, and fear of, death.

...We have the situation to which Rudolf Steiner pointed when he describes the dangers that threaten man on the threshold during the encounter with the double, "The Lesser Guardian of the Threshold". These are erroneous judgments, illusion, misunderstanding, and reinterpretation of images of the spiritual world so that the impression arises that "one has arrived at the epitome of knowledge and could experience oneself as the immeasurably wealthy possessor of all the secrets of the world". [ The Guardian speaks: "Step not across my threshold until thou art certain thy has sufficient oil in thine own lamp"].

Dostoyevsky, above all authors, spans a wide arch with his experiences of the double in his novel "The Double", and in his great novel, "The Brothers Karamazov". In his own experiences, in his own double, he sees the split having become body, the split of the isolated person having taken on body. In the devil, or in Ahriman, he sees the double of a humanity torn apart within itself, while the double of humanity completed is represented in Christ. Dostoyevsky's far - reaching comprehension of the double can lead us into the Gospels and the temptation of Christ in the desert, in His solitude.

In "The Fifth Gospel", Rudolf Steiner described this encounter and temptation of Christ by Ahriman and Lucifer. Christ saw it as his first and most important task to interact with these two spiritual beings with whom human beings must wrestle on the Earth. In fact, Rudolf Steiner respected this significant event for humanity so much that he gave artistic expression to it in his wood sculpture in which Christ is the representative of mankind, between these two spiritual beings. Neither of these principles, the Ahrimanic or the Luciferic, is a creation of a pathological religious fantasy: they are rather spiritual realities present and active also within the human soul, in unconscious regions, creating the disposition for illness.

Rudolf Steiner frequently led physicians who visited Dornach to his wooden sculpture and designated the two shapes of Lucifer and Ahriman as imaginations of the two polar processes of disease, the sclerotizing and the inflammatory illnesses. In other contexts he spoke of neurasthenia and hysteria as the two polarities to which all illnesses incline and whose form of appearance is similarly imbued with Ahrimanic and Luciferic forces and impulses.

Out of knowledge of the various human doubles and their activities, one can therefore learn the ways to encounter them properly. Rudolf Steiner pointed to these ways in very general terms, and from what he said, there actually appear to be three approaches:

The first is an educational - hygienic approach, the second medical - psychotherapeutic approach, and third a pastoral - medical approach. We find the first in an education inspired by spiritual science, and in eurythmy: the second is found in a spirit - imbued psychotherapy in which one tries to awaken the true I and bring it to reality through recognition, acceptance, and integration of the double, and we find the third by uniting with Christ in the certainty that past guilt , unbalanced karma, and its Luciferic and Ahrimanic results in the human soul can experience a purification through the Mystery of Christ.

Daskalos

from an audio lesson on 'The double'.

The warmth, light, etheric and life-creating ethers are four natures of the etheric double in your body and around it; you are not aware but you use it subconsciously. You are now to learn using it consciously. How? Through the exercises .. concentration and visualization, introspection

Using the chemical ether we can come in contact with our mental body, and be developing our mental body. Through the warmth and light ethers we develop our astral body.

[ editor: see also Schema FMC00.142A on The elementary kingdoms]

The bodies, physical, astral and mental are connected by the ethers in the double, and we should learn how to use them separately and together.

writes (SWCC section taken from Daskalos' Esoteric Teachings (Greek 1987, English 1992)

What applies for planet Earth also applies for all heavenly bodies .. just as humans have an etheric double of their body .. there is also an etheric double of the planet.

The material planet consists of seven elements. Of these, three make up the etheric double (the triadic spiritual state), the other four (tetraktys) compose the gross material body.

The first three elements can be compared with electromagnetism or various other fields as yet unknown to the sciences. The four elements of the gross material body of the planet are earth, water, air and fire.

…

The etheric doubles are the moulds within which the bodies are constructed and maintained. The human form requires these three bodies in order to manifest itself .. and uses their etheric doubles as bonds between them.

What is built first is the matrix, which is also sometimes called the 'permanent atom'. The spherical 'permanent atom' contains the shape of the human form and, just as a seed contains the form of the tree or the plant to which it gives rise, so an etheric atom is the basis from which the first material atom is constructed ..

.. from the centre of each 'etheric atom', and using it as a mould, each material atom and cell is build outwardly ..  everything starts from the centre of the cell or atom and from there, using creative ether, the whole material is constructed ..

.. we have creativity within the nucleus of every material atom, by reason of the presence of its etheric double..

parenthesis: see also Occult atom and the description given in 1908-09-03-GA106, a short quote is extracted for ease of mapping to the above description, this connects to Earth rounds perspective

If we could have examined this mass of mist closely, if an observer could have approached it, it would have seemed to be composed entirely of fine etheric points. When we see a swarm of gnats from a distance, it looks to us like a single cloud; close-up, however, we see the single insects. ... Thus, in the most remote past, the mass of our earth would have appeared, although then it was not material in our sense but was condensed only to an etheric condition. This earth-formation consisted of single ether-points, but something special was connected with these ether-points.

If now, as in the previous example, the clairvoyant contemplated such an etheric point in the primeval substance, there would arise for him from the point (as from the seed in the previous example) a light-form, a beautiful form, which in reality is not there but rests slumbering in the point.

What is this form that the seer perceives, looking back at the primal earth atom? What is it that arises?

It is a form that is different from physical man, as different as is the archetype from the physical plant. It is the archetype of the present human form. At that time the human form slumbered spiritually in the etheric point, and the whole earth-evolution was necessary in order that what rested there might develop into present-day man.

and furthermore (SWCC from a section taken from 'The esoteric practice' (1994) by Daskalos)

Within the physical material body of all living organisms there exist currents of energy called 'ether', providing life and health. The flow, distribution and storage of this energy take place within a field which surrounds and permeates the body. We call this field the 'etheric double'.

Every material, psychical, and noetical body has an etheric double. [see Daskalos' writings and Man's bodily principles for reference]. Each atom and cell in the body possesses an individual etheric double: together they combine to form the etheric double of a body.

The etheric doubles nerve as moulds in which the bodies are first formed. The archangels of the elements work through the etheric double to build a body atom by atom, molecule by molecule. A body, once built, is then maintained by the etheric double which supplies and distributes etheric vitality to its various locations. Etheric doubles, always perfect and incorruptible, oversee the life-course of an expressed form according to its Circle of Possibility. A body cannot exist without an etheric double, nor can the etheric double live independently of the body. An etheric dou­ble cannot detach itself from its body, except when the body is dissolving.

Both the psychical and noetical bodies have their own etheric doubles, which are used as active links between the bodies. Apart from overseeing the distribution of energy within the gross material body, the etheric doubles are used as conduits for the flow of etheric vitality between the material, psychical and noetical bodies.

Familiarity with our etheric doubles is of great concern to us. It is vital that we become intimate with their natures so that we may control the health within our own bodies and aid others in need of healing. Meditation and exercises are the prime means for learning more about our etheric doubles.

[On etheric vitality and the ethers]

[Note: see Spectrum of elements and ethers, in anthroposophy these are life, chemical, light and warmth ethers]

Coursing through the etheric double, both penetrating the body and extending outwards, are currents of energy. Etheric vitality is mind super-substance in specific vibratory patterns that allow for the phenomenon of life. We must not imagine that flesh, blood or a nervous system create this force. This would be equivalent to believing that a wire creates electricity. Wires may carry electricity, but it is incapable of creating it. Etheric vitality is bestowed upon us as our ‘daily bread' (Matt. 6:11). ... We live in a sea of etheric vitality which imbues and surrounds us.

Etheric vitality breaks down into distinct states to serve particular functions in the maintenance of the three bodies. In the etheric double we identify four classes of etheric substance: creative ether, sensate ether, imprint ether and kinetic ether. This does not mean that an etheric double is divided into separate parts, but that the super-substance of mind, which contains within itself all conditions, is adapted in each instance to the particular requirement.

• Creative ether is used, under the supervision and according to the will of the Holy Spirit, to construct and maintain all phenomena of life. The Holy Spirit and archangels .. use creative ether to build, maintain, and take care of a body's proper functioning. Whatever part of the material body we study, be it the texture of the brain, the fluid of the eyes, the different sense organs, the operation of the glands, the lungs, the liver, the intestines - all bear witness to the continuous presence of the Holy Spirit and the archangels.
• Imprint ether is used to shape etheric vitality into psycho-noetical Images and is therefore vital to our work in visualization. Using imprint ether we are able to memorize and store images. Imprint ether, when used in recording images, helps us see the shapes in various sizes, colours and designs.
• Sensate ether is the 'feeling giving' ether. By merit of sensate ether we experience the sensations of pleasure and pain. Sensate ether is also used in conjunction with imprint ether. The parallel use of these two ethers makes the phenomenon of memory possible.
• Kinetic ether facilitates motion. All movements, whether conscious or subconscious, including autonomic actions (eg. circulation of the blood, breathing, the receipt, assimilation and discarding of substances) take place with the help of kinetic ether.

We must use etheric vitality in a balanced manner without interfering with the creative work of the Holy Spirit and in such a way as to be worthy of logoic expression.

[On etheric energy centres]

[See also: Development of the chakras]

When God created the human form he endowed us with many great gifts.

• The heart is the greatest gift. Through it we may reflect Divine Love towards God and our fellow man. The heart is the house of the Common Selfhood, the home of the Logos, and we must keep it pure, for 'Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God' (Matt. 5:8)
• Another gift is the brain with its psychical and noetical counterparts. This is the centre of Inspiration and reason permitting, us to use mind to comprehend the presence of God all around us. When Moses began to look within himself and moved up to the level of the cerebellum, symbolized as a burning bush which is never consumed, he heard for the first time the voice of God (cf. Exod. 3:2). The two tablets of Moses, on which were inscribed the Law of God, represent the two lobes of the human brain (cf. Exod. 34:28). When, at some time, we vitalize this etheric centre we shall also hear the voice of our Inner Self, our self-aware soul, and become one with God's Law.
• lt is through the solar plexus that the Holy Spirit expresses itself as will-power and instinctive wisdom. As the seat of our subconscious awareness the solar plexus is also the storehouse for etheric vitality. Joshua said, `He that believeth in me... out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water' (John 7:38). Joshua is the living water of 'everlasting life', and when we drink of Him we `shall never thirst' again (cf. John 4:14).
• The fourth gift comprises the reproductive organs which will come into use at the fight time, in the right circumstances and at the right age. They are holy spiritual. They are the means of perpetuating life on the material plane and we should not misuse them.

Corresponding to these gifts are centres of energy. These points are known as etheric or psycho-noetical centres. In the East they are termed 'chakras'.

However, every pore on your skin has a centre. Every gland has a centre. Every fingertip has a centre. What is the nature of these centres?

The energy belonging to a centre rotates and creates a whirlpool which funnels down towards a point. If you put your hand in a basin of water and roll it in a circular motion, a conical whirlpool will form. This is the basic shape and pattern of motion of the etheric centres.

• In the etheric double of the physical material body we have psycho-noetical centres, which we call 'churches' (cf. Rev 1:20).
• In the etheric double of the psychical body, we have psycho-noetical centres, which are more intense in activity, called 'lamps' (cf. Rev. 4:5).
• Finally, in the etheric double of the noetical body, there are even more active centres with a wider concept of space and time. St. John, in the Revelations, refers to these as 'stars' (cf. Rev. 1:16-20).

These centres serve a dual function. They care for the organs, situated in a particular part of the body, by controlling the flow and quality of etheric vitality. In another mode they act as links between the material body of a human personality and its psychical and noetical bodies, in order to channel thoughts, emotions and energy, arising as a result of space-place-time impressions. It is through these centres that elementals are received and stored in the etheric double and impact on the personality. Mind is shaped into psycho-noetical elementals which combine to compose the human personality. Elementals inhabit these centres and exert their influence over the character.

What is the purpose of these centres? How is it possible for us to work with them? Will we interfere with the work of the archangels?

When we reach a certain level of awareness the archangels will be most pleased to teach us more about the centres. However we must first become masters of the elementals that we are creating and revitalizing. Elementals use these centres, for better or worse, as entrances and gateways into the person­ality. We subconsciously create, invite and absorb elementals into our energy centres where they affect the functioning of our personality. It is, therefore, imperative that in conjunction with our study of these centres we also gain some understanding of the subconscious.

[follow: practical exercises]

Discussion

Note 1 - Various notes

Adriana Koulias writes in her lecture on the Double:

Human beings have always had a presentiment that they carry within themselves another being. Myths and legends tell of the monster that must be conquered if the human being is to progress. The Persian saw him as the hairy rough living Enkindu companion of Gilgamesh, the Greeks saw him as the Minotaur that had to be overcome by Theseus, the Grimm brothers portray him as Rumplestiltskin the clever little man that eventually drives his leg into the earth and tears himself in two when the girl solves the riddle of his name. Once again this being was portrayed by Hermann Hess in his book Stepenwolf and by Dostoyevsky in his poem ‘the Double’. The enigmatic creature that feeds off the blood of human beings could even be the vampire of old legends. A parasite that hates the light of day and only lives in darkness. The Werewolf is another example as is the tale of Frankenstein. Most recently we see him in the creature Gollum of the Lord of the Rings.

Section from Rebholz' essay

It is then explained that these entities cannot bear death; they must always leave the body before a person dies. This is a great disappointment for them, for their dominion over the earth would consist of their conquest of life after death through the human being. If the Mystery of Golgotha had not happened, they would have reached their goal long ago and would have become masters of human development on the earth.

The subsensible forces of the earth’s interior can act especially powerfully on the “electric double.”

1917-11-16-GA178

The earth […] is a living organism. […] In the different regions of the earth, something entirely different streams forth. There are different forces, among them magnetism and electricity, but also forces that enter more into the realm of the living. […] [… ] the human being […] has really very little direct relation to these forces […]. But the double […] chooses to be related to these forces that stream up out of the earth.

Thus, they also directly affect human beings and can cause diseases as well as influence human thinking. Especially America is an area where those magnetic forces are rising up that bring the human being into relationship with his double.

Rudolf Steiner once indicated very clearly that Woodrow Wilson’s manifesto [“The Fourteen Points”], which brought so much disaster over Europe, was not actually written by Wilson himself but by his double.

Finally, we must emphasize once again that these things were not revealed by spiritual research in order to frighten us or to hinder the progressive use of these forces in the service of technology and civilization. This use is a necessity in a sense, for the

1911-10-01-GA130

more of this force we employ, the faster the Earth will tend to become a corpse and its spiritual part prepare for the Future Jupiter embodiment.

We understand everything that we know of the earth crust only well if we understand it as dying off. However, in this fact is contained that the spiritual becomes free from the material. If among us the planetary material dies off, the spirit gets free from it.

(1911-03-16-GA060)

As is explained in the cycle The Foundations of Esotericism (GA093a), in the fourth round of the Earth’s evolution, the human being has to work extensively on the mineral kingdom. And this is done on a large scale especially by oscillating electricity, radio waves, by which molecules are set to vibrate.

And something similar is true of the other subsensible forces of the earth. Electricity is only one of the “mothers”; the other two will be given to humanity in the future. The moral development of humanity and the knowledge of the true nature of these forces will have to keep pace with this development, however. In revealing the nature of electricity and the related forces, spiritual science protects us from unwittingly admiring them and falling all the more under their sway. In doing so, it gives us a judgment and a healthy standard for its use. We will avoid its use where it is obviously superfluous and harmful as in biological and medical applications, for example, and if need be, we ourselves will work in our laboratories to direct its use into healing paths as they are indicated in Strader’s invention in the first scene of the mystery drama “The Guardian of the Threshold” (GA014).

Related pages

• Man's higher triad
• Human etheric body
• Man's bodily principles
• Ahrimanic influence in Man

References and further reading

• Arthur E. Powell: The etheric double (1925)
• Werner-Christian Simonis: 'Doppelgänger des Menschen' (1973, 1978)
• Werner Priever: 'Illness and the double' (1982 in EN, original in DE: 'Doppelgänger und Krankheit')
• Kathrin Studer-Senn: 'Der unsichtbare Mensch in uns. Studien und Übungen' (2005)
  • translations:
    • El Ser Humano Invisible En Nosotros (2015 in ES)
    • Det usynlige menneske i os: studier og øvelser (2014 in DK)
  • contents (DE, 87 pages)
    • Der unsichtbare Mensch in uns" - Wer ist er - woher kommt er? - Vom nachtodlichen und vorgeburtlichen Geschehen;
    • Die Auflösung und die Neubildung der Wesensglieder; Der Geistkeim;
    • Die Bedeutung der Embryonalhüllen / Wie wirkt er im Erdenleben? - Das Hereinwirken des unsichtbaren Menschen in den sichtbaren Menschen / Das Zusammenwirken der Ich-Ströme im Lebenslauf - Die drei "Ich-Geburten" (3., 9. und 21. Lebensjahr) / Pathologie - Einseitigkeiten im Zusammenwirken von oberem und unterem Ich-Strom; Fremdbildungen - "langer blasser Dünnling";
    • Konstitutionstypen;
    • Hysterie;
    • Neurasthenie;
    • Epilepsie;
    • Maniakalische Kinder;
    • Schwachsinn;
    • Autismus;
    • Schmerz;
    • Diabetes / Textarbeit: Erläuterungen zum Text des Vortrages vom 11. 2. 1923;
    • Das der Therapie zugrundeliegende Pathologische / Menschenkundliche Aspekte zur Eingliederung der Wesenglieder: Über die Nierenstrahlung;
    • "Entfesselungsvortrag";
    • Erziehung und Unterricht aus Menschenkenntnis (Meditativ erarbeitete Menschenkunde) / Angewandte Menschenkunde : Sinneslehre von Rudolf Steiner - Umgang mit Angstzuständen und Panikattacken - Wahrnehmungsübungen / Eurythmie und Heileurythmie vom Gesichtspunkt des Vortrages über den unsichtbaren Menschen in uns.
• Friedrich Glasl: 'Konflikt Krise Katharsis und die Verwandlung des Doppelgängers' (2007)
• Norbert Glas: 'Der ahrimanische Doppelgänger des Menschen: Eine menschenkundlich-biographische Studie' (2010, Europäer-Schriften)
• The Electronic Doppelganger -The Mystery of the Double in the Age of the Internet (2016) (Rudolf Steiner, edited and introduced by Andreas Neider)
• wikipedia page for Doppelganger

Double in art

• Mary D. Edwards: The idea of the Double in text and/or image from antiquity to the end of the 20th century
  • in: 'Doppelgangers, Alter Egos and Mirror Images in Western Art, 1840-2010' critical essays edited by Mary D. Edwards

• Nicol Maria Mocchi: The Enigma of the Double: Sources and Symbols in Alberto Savinio’s Poetics